Check the basis of each claim
Original publications and inputs behind the figures. Each record separates the source from the analysis.
16 source records · 51 evidence records · Reviewed 16 September 2026
Download the source catalogue (JSON)Primary source
Reporting year is distinct from publication date.
Primary source
The generation series is used unchanged. Published utilization rates for Beznau and Gösgen include heat. Our capacity factors are calculated separately. The Gösgen 2025 discrepancy with operator electricity-only output remains unresolved.
Primary source
Historical regulatory account; not a current legal opinion on new-build licensing.
Primary source
Policy targets are not a supply forecast.
Primary source
ENSI describes a ten-month shutdown. The retained evidence is a web-reader extraction of this publication.
Primary source
Operator corroboration: electricity delivery resumed at 13:00 on 23 March 2026. A dated restart announcement is not live operating status.
Primary source
The operator separates electricity from process steam expressed in electrical-equivalent units. Its financial net-output total must not be labelled electricity alone.
Primary source
Definitions of power and energy only. No US consumption figures are applied to Switzerland.
Primary source
Used for storage definitions and charging losses, not current prices or Swiss procurement capacity.
Primary source
Used for the operating principle, not as a performance guarantee for a particular building or a national winter forecast.
Primary source
Used for the distinction between flowing water, reservoirs and pumped storage. No US fleet figures are applied to Switzerland.
Project model
Conditional demand scenarios. Not an official forecast or confidence interval.
Project model
One national node, perfect foresight and aggregate natural hydro. No commercial or grid-feasibility proof.
Project model
Historical-price model. Capital costs and financing assumptions are not supplier quotations.
Data and calculations
Reproducible calculations from BFE table 15. Five- and ten-year comparisons include every year, including outages. This is historical evidence, not a forecast.
Data and calculations
Observed BFE seasonal data, exact unit conversions and an explicitly hypothetical storage example. Net imports do not measure unmet demand.
Each figure has a definition, a period and limits on what it can establish.
57.5 TWh · 2024
Annual final electricity consumption in Switzerland.
Excludes grid losses and electricity used for pumped storage. The model uses 2024 as its baseline; this is not the latest reporting year.
93.4 TWh · 2050
Annual final electricity demand under the project's central assumptions.
Not a prediction. Additional data-centre, hydrogen, e-fuel and district-heat demand defaults to zero. Aviation conversion is not modelled explicitly.
Method: Sum of baseline activity adjusted for population, sector activity and efficiency, plus specified fuel-to-electricity conversions. See demand.py, parameters.json and all central-2050.json inputs.
60.8 TWh · 2050
Annual final electricity demand under this set of assumptions.
Scenario range, not a probability range. Same model omissions as the central case.
Method: Same model equations as the central case, with scenario-specific parameters in scenario-results.json.
147.2 TWh · 2050
Annual final electricity demand under this set of assumptions.
Scenario range, not a probability range. Same model omissions as the central case.
Method: Same model equations as the central case, with scenario-specific parameters in scenario-results.json.
18.4 TWh · 2025
Sum of BFE table 15 generation for the four operating reactors. Gösgen had an extended outage.
One year is not a typical-output forecast. The Gösgen 2025 figure differs from operator electricity-only output; the series is retained without reconciliation.
Method: (2,909 + 2,483 + 3,429 + 9,558) GWh ÷ 1,000 = 18.379 TWh.
45 TWh · 2050
Minimum average annual generation target reported by BFE.
A policy target is not a forecast. Read with the report's corrected March 2026 edition.
39.2 TWh · 2050
Minimum average annual generation target reported by BFE.
This does not make every proposed hydro project funded, permitted or built.
21.1 TWh · 2050 scenario · 2012 hydro year
Annual exports in the no-battery case; imports are set to zero.
Assumes 8.8 GW of hypothetical nuclear and 26 GWp of solar. Not the existing Swiss fleet. One national node, perfect foresight and aggregate natural hydro.
Method: exports_gwh ÷ 1,000; net exports equal exports because imports are zero.
216.7 GWh · Same no-battery case
Total electricity demand the model cannot serve.
Shows why annual exports alone cannot establish hourly security. It does not establish that a specific government scenario fails.
Method: Sum of hourly unserved demand in case n8-pv26-2012-battery_none.
75'649 CHF/MW/year · 2025 prices
Modelled trading margin after energy purchases and trading fees for a 1 MW / 4 MWh battery.
Perfect knowledge of future prices. Excludes capital and operating costs and other revenue markets. Not actual earnings.
Method: Sales minus purchases minus trading fees; 85% round-trip efficiency, 365-cycle limit, fixed 0.95 CHF/EUR and CHF 1/MWh trading fee in each direction.
224'692 CHF/MW/year · Illustrative cost case
Annualised capital cost plus fixed operating and augmentation allowance for a 1 MW / 4 MWh battery.
Not a Swiss supplier bid. Does not establish the profitability of all battery projects.
Method: CHF 1,500,000 × [0.07 × 1.07^15 ÷ (1.07^15 − 1) + 0.04]. Capital assumption: CHF 600/kW × 1,000 kW + CHF 225/kWh × 4,000 kWh.
91 % · 2025
Historical calculation using every calendar year in the stated period.
Historical output is not guaranteed future supply. Generation is rounded to whole GWh. Capacity factor is not time availability.
Method: 2909 GWh × 1,000 ÷ 3197400 MWh × 100; the denominator sums each year’s net capacity × actual hours.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Nuclear generation and capacity factors, 2016–2025
2'909 GWh/year · 2025
Historical calculation using every calendar year in the stated period.
Historical output is not guaranteed future supply. Generation is rounded to whole GWh.
Method: 2909 GWh ÷ 1 calendar years.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Nuclear generation and capacity factors, 2016–2025
86 % · 2021–2025
Historical calculation using every calendar year in the stated period.
Historical output is not guaranteed future supply. Generation is rounded to whole GWh. Capacity factor is not time availability.
Method: 13754 GWh × 1,000 ÷ 15995760 MWh × 100; the denominator sums each year’s net capacity × actual hours.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Nuclear generation and capacity factors, 2016–2025
2'750.8 GWh/year · 2021–2025
Historical calculation using every calendar year in the stated period.
Historical output is not guaranteed future supply. Generation is rounded to whole GWh.
Method: 13754 GWh ÷ 5 calendar years.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Nuclear generation and capacity factors, 2016–2025
68 % · 2016–2025
Historical calculation using every calendar year in the stated period.
Historical output is not guaranteed future supply. Generation is rounded to whole GWh. Capacity factor is not time availability.
Method: 21768 GWh × 1,000 ÷ 32000280 MWh × 100; the denominator sums each year’s net capacity × actual hours.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Nuclear generation and capacity factors, 2016–2025
2'176.8 GWh/year · 2016–2025
Historical calculation using every calendar year in the stated period.
Historical output is not guaranteed future supply. Generation is rounded to whole GWh.
Method: 21768 GWh ÷ 10 calendar years.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Nuclear generation and capacity factors, 2016–2025
77.7 % · 2025
Historical calculation using every calendar year in the stated period.
Historical output is not guaranteed future supply. Generation is rounded to whole GWh. Capacity factor is not time availability.
Method: 2483 GWh × 1,000 ÷ 3197400 MWh × 100; the denominator sums each year’s net capacity × actual hours.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Nuclear generation and capacity factors, 2016–2025
2'483 GWh/year · 2025
Historical calculation using every calendar year in the stated period.
Historical output is not guaranteed future supply. Generation is rounded to whole GWh.
Method: 2483 GWh ÷ 1 calendar years.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Nuclear generation and capacity factors, 2016–2025
87.8 % · 2021–2025
Historical calculation using every calendar year in the stated period.
Historical output is not guaranteed future supply. Generation is rounded to whole GWh. Capacity factor is not time availability.
Method: 14037 GWh × 1,000 ÷ 15995760 MWh × 100; the denominator sums each year’s net capacity × actual hours.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Nuclear generation and capacity factors, 2016–2025
2'807.4 GWh/year · 2021–2025
Historical calculation using every calendar year in the stated period.
Historical output is not guaranteed future supply. Generation is rounded to whole GWh.
Method: 14037 GWh ÷ 5 calendar years.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Nuclear generation and capacity factors, 2016–2025
89.2 % · 2016–2025
Historical calculation using every calendar year in the stated period.
Historical output is not guaranteed future supply. Generation is rounded to whole GWh. Capacity factor is not time availability.
Method: 28554 GWh × 1,000 ÷ 32000280 MWh × 100; the denominator sums each year’s net capacity × actual hours.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Nuclear generation and capacity factors, 2016–2025
2'855.4 GWh/year · 2016–2025
Historical calculation using every calendar year in the stated period.
Historical output is not guaranteed future supply. Generation is rounded to whole GWh.
Method: 28554 GWh ÷ 10 calendar years.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Nuclear generation and capacity factors, 2016–2025
38.8 % · 2025
Historical calculation using every calendar year in the stated period.
Historical output is not guaranteed future supply. Generation is rounded to whole GWh. Capacity factor is not time availability. The unresolved difference from operator electricity-only output in 2025 remains.
Method: 3429 GWh × 1,000 ÷ 8847600 MWh × 100; the denominator sums each year’s net capacity × actual hours.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Nuclear generation and capacity factors, 2016–2025
3'429 GWh/year · 2025
Historical calculation using every calendar year in the stated period.
Historical output is not guaranteed future supply. Generation is rounded to whole GWh. The unresolved difference from operator electricity-only output in 2025 remains.
Method: 3429 GWh ÷ 1 calendar years.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Nuclear generation and capacity factors, 2016–2025
79.2 % · 2021–2025
Historical calculation using every calendar year in the stated period.
Historical output is not guaranteed future supply. Generation is rounded to whole GWh. Capacity factor is not time availability. The unresolved difference from operator electricity-only output in 2025 remains.
Method: 35061 GWh × 1,000 ÷ 44262240 MWh × 100; the denominator sums each year’s net capacity × actual hours.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Nuclear generation and capacity factors, 2016–2025
7'012.2 GWh/year · 2021–2025
Historical calculation using every calendar year in the stated period.
Historical output is not guaranteed future supply. Generation is rounded to whole GWh. The unresolved difference from operator electricity-only output in 2025 remains.
Method: 35061 GWh ÷ 5 calendar years.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Nuclear generation and capacity factors, 2016–2025
85.3 % · 2016–2025
Historical calculation using every calendar year in the stated period.
Historical output is not guaranteed future supply. Generation is rounded to whole GWh. Capacity factor is not time availability. The unresolved difference from operator electricity-only output in 2025 remains.
Method: 75515 GWh × 1,000 ÷ 88548720 MWh × 100; the denominator sums each year’s net capacity × actual hours.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Nuclear generation and capacity factors, 2016–2025
7'551.5 GWh/year · 2016–2025
Historical calculation using every calendar year in the stated period.
Historical output is not guaranteed future supply. Generation is rounded to whole GWh. The unresolved difference from operator electricity-only output in 2025 remains.
Method: 75515 GWh ÷ 10 calendar years.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Nuclear generation and capacity factors, 2016–2025
88.5 % · 2025
Historical calculation using every calendar year in the stated period.
Historical output is not guaranteed future supply. Generation is rounded to whole GWh. Capacity factor is not time availability.
Method: 9558 GWh × 1,000 ÷ 10801080 MWh × 100; the denominator sums each year’s net capacity × actual hours.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Nuclear generation and capacity factors, 2016–2025
9'558 GWh/year · 2025
Historical calculation using every calendar year in the stated period.
Historical output is not guaranteed future supply. Generation is rounded to whole GWh.
Method: 9558 GWh ÷ 1 calendar years.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Nuclear generation and capacity factors, 2016–2025
80.8 % · 2021–2025
Historical calculation using every calendar year in the stated period.
Historical output is not guaranteed future supply. Generation is rounded to whole GWh. Capacity factor is not time availability.
Method: 43487 GWh × 1,000 ÷ 53807232 MWh × 100; the denominator sums each year’s net capacity × actual hours.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Nuclear generation and capacity factors, 2016–2025
8'697.4 GWh/year · 2021–2025
Historical calculation using every calendar year in the stated period.
Historical output is not guaranteed future supply. Generation is rounded to whole GWh.
Method: 43487 GWh ÷ 5 calendar years.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Nuclear generation and capacity factors, 2016–2025
75.4 % · 2016–2025
Historical calculation using every calendar year in the stated period.
Historical output is not guaranteed future supply. Generation is rounded to whole GWh. Capacity factor is not time availability.
Method: 80936 GWh × 1,000 ÷ 107301792 MWh × 100; the denominator sums each year’s net capacity × actual hours.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Nuclear generation and capacity factors, 2016–2025
8'093.6 GWh/year · 2016–2025
Historical calculation using every calendar year in the stated period.
Historical output is not guaranteed future supply. Generation is rounded to whole GWh.
Method: 80936 GWh ÷ 10 calendar years.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Nuclear generation and capacity factors, 2016–2025
90.4 % · 2016–2024
Historical calculation using every calendar year in the stated period.
Historical output is not guaranteed future supply. Generation is rounded to whole GWh. Capacity factor is not time availability. This comparison ends before the 2025 outage; the five- and ten-year comparisons retain that year.
Method: 72086 GWh × 1,000 ÷ 79701120 MWh × 100; the denominator sums each year’s net capacity × actual hours.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Nuclear generation and capacity factors, 2016–2025
8'009.6 GWh/year · 2016–2024
Historical calculation using every calendar year in the stated period.
Historical output is not guaranteed future supply. Generation is rounded to whole GWh. This comparison ends before the 2025 outage; the five- and ten-year comparisons retain that year.
Method: 72086 GWh ÷ 9 calendar years.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Nuclear generation and capacity factors, 2016–2025
20.7 TWh/year · 2016–2025
Mean output of the four reactors still operating at the review date. All ten years are included.
Includes outage years. Excludes Mühleberg throughout. This is historical output, not guaranteed future supply. BFE source figures are retained.
Method: 206773 GWh ÷ 10 years ÷ 1,000 = 20.6773 TWh/year.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Nuclear generation and capacity factors, 2016–2025
1.8 TWh · 2020-10-01 to 2021-03-31
Physical imports minus physical exports. A negative value means net exports.
A trade balance, not a measure of unmet demand. It does not show imports in each hour.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Swiss seasonal balances and electricity examples
7.8 TWh · 2021-10-01 to 2022-03-31
Physical imports minus physical exports. A negative value means net exports.
A trade balance, not a measure of unmet demand. It does not show imports in each hour.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Swiss seasonal balances and electricity examples
3.6 TWh · 2022-10-01 to 2023-03-31
Physical imports minus physical exports. A negative value means net exports.
A trade balance, not a measure of unmet demand. It does not show imports in each hour.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Swiss seasonal balances and electricity examples
-2 TWh · 2023-10-01 to 2024-03-31
Physical imports minus physical exports. A negative value means net exports.
A trade balance, not a measure of unmet demand. It does not show imports in each hour.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Swiss seasonal balances and electricity examples
0.7 TWh · 2024-10-01 to 2025-03-31
Physical imports minus physical exports. A negative value means net exports.
A trade balance, not a measure of unmet demand. It does not show imports in each hour.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Swiss seasonal balances and electricity examples
4.6 TWh · 2025-04-01 to 2025-09-30
Physical exports minus physical imports.
The year runs October–September. A net export total does not mean there were no imports within the period.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Swiss seasonal balances and electricity examples
3.9 TWh · 2024-10-01 to 2025-09-30
Physical exports minus physical imports.
The year runs October–September. A net export total does not mean there were no imports within the period.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Swiss seasonal balances and electricity examples
18.5 TWh · 2024-10-01 to 2025-03-31
Domestic generation in BFE table 5, before deducting storage pumping input.
Generation mix, not household electricity labels or electricity delivered to final consumers. Hydro includes pumped-storage output.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Swiss seasonal balances and electricity examples
12.6 TWh · 2024-10-01 to 2025-03-31
Domestic generation in BFE table 5, before deducting storage pumping input.
Generation mix, not household electricity labels or electricity delivered to final consumers. Hydro includes pumped-storage output.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Swiss seasonal balances and electricity examples
1.9 TWh · 2024-10-01 to 2025-03-31
Domestic generation in BFE table 5, before deducting storage pumping input.
Generation mix, not household electricity labels or electricity delivered to final consumers. Hydro includes pumped-storage output.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Swiss seasonal balances and electricity examples
1.8 TWh · 2024-10-01 to 2025-03-31
Domestic generation in BFE table 5, before deducting storage pumping input.
Generation mix, not household electricity labels or electricity delivered to final consumers. Hydro includes pumped-storage output.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Swiss seasonal balances and electricity examples
0.1 TWh · 2024-10-01 to 2025-03-31
Domestic generation in BFE table 5, before deducting storage pumping input.
Generation mix, not household electricity labels or electricity delivered to final consumers. Hydro includes pumped-storage output.
Swiss Electricity Statistics 2025Swiss seasonal balances and electricity examples
4 hours · Illustrative constant-output example
Assumed usable energy of 4 GWh divided by assumed output of 1 GW.
Teaching example, not an existing or proposed Swiss asset. Assumes a full store, constant output, no recharge and no further discharge losses or operating reserve. Charging energy and cost are not calculated.
Method: duration (h) = usable output energy (GWh) / constant power (GW) = 4 / 1
Energy storage for electricity generationSwiss seasonal balances and electricity examples